Genus

Corollospora

Species

maritima

Author

Werderm., Notizblatt des Königl. bot. Gartens u. Museum zu Berlin 8: 248 (1922)

Class

Sordariomycetes, Subclass Hypocreomycetidae

Order

Microascales

Family

Halosphaeriaceae

Synonymy:

Corollospora Werderm., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 8: 248 (1922)

Type species:

Corollospora maritima Werderm., Notizblatt des Königl. bot. Gartens u. Museum zu Berlin 8: 248 (1922)

Sexual morph: Ascomata 98-400 μm diam., globose or subglobose, superficial or partly immersed, often seated with subicula on grains of sand or other hard surfaces, with or without ostioles, papillate or epapillate, carbonaceous, metallic black, solitary or gregarious. Papillae, when present, 17-72 μm long, 21-55 μm diam., conical or subcylindrical, apically, laterally, or near the basal subiculum and pointing downward. Peridium 12-40 μm thick, two-layered, outer layer of dark, thick-walled cells of textura angularis and inner layer of thick-walled, elongated cells. Pseudoparenchyma of thin-walled, polygonal or rounded cells filling venter of young ascomata, deliquescing at ascospore maturity. Asci 72-140 × 17-50 μm, eight-spored, fusiform or subclavate, sometimes apiculate, short stipitate, unitunicate, thin-walled, without apical apparatus, early deliquescing. Ascospores 20-34(-53) × (4-)6-11(-14) μm, fusiform or subellipsoidal, 1-septate, constricted at the septum, hyaline, appendaged, at both ends with a single, terminal appendage, 7-17.5(-23) × 1-1.5 μm, spine- or thorn-like, slender, attenuate, rigid, straight or somewhat curved, at the tip with a refractive body and bearing a small cap or fibers, 8-10 μm long, that develop by peeling off of the exosporium, peritrichous around the septum with 8 or more flexible ribbon-shaped setae, 5-16(-20) × 1 μm, which develop by fragmentation of the exosporium, setae attached to a narrow equatorial, belt-like thickening of the wall. Asexual morphs: Various genera

Key references:

Abdel-Wahab MA, Nagahama T, Abdel-Aziz FA. (2009) Two new Corollospora species and one new anamorph based on morphological and molecular data. Mycoscience 50: 147- 155.

Bebout B, Schatz S, Kohlmeyer J, Haibach M. (1987) Temperature-dependent growth in isolates of Corollospora maritima Werderm (Ascomycetes) from different geographical regions. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 106: 203-210.

Cuomo V, Jones EBG, Grasso S. (1988) Occurrence and distribution of marine fungi along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Progress in Oceanography 21: 189-200.

Jones EBG, Johnson RG, Moss ST. (1983) Taxonomic studies of the Halosphaeriaceae: Corollospora Werdermann. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 87: 193-212.

Jones EBG, Suetrong S, Sakayaroj J, Bahkali AH, Abdel-Wahab MA, Boekhout T, Pang KL (2015) Classification of marine Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Blastocladiomycota and Chytridiomycota. Fungal Diversity 73: 1-72.

Kohlmeyer J, Charles TM. (1981) Sclerocarps: undescribed propagules in a sand-inhabiting marine fungus. Canadian Journal of Botany 59:1787–1791.

Lintott WH, Lintott EA. (2002) Marine fungi from New Zealand. In: Fungi in Marine Environments (Hyde KD, ed.), Fungal Diversity Press, Hong Kong. pp. 285-292

Maharachchikumbura SSN, Hyde KD, Jones EBG, Mckenzie EHC, Huang SK, Abdel-Wahab MA et al. (2015) Towards a natural classification and backbone tree for Sordariomcyetes. Fungal Diversity 72: 199-299.

Réblová M, Miller AN, Rossman AY, Seifert KA, Pedro W. Crous PW, Hawksworth DL, et al. (2016) Recommendations for competing sexual-asexually typified generic names in Sordariomycetes (except Diaporthales, Hypocreales, and Magnaporthales). IMA Fungus · 7(1): 131–153.

Roberts PL, Mitchell JI, Jones EBG. (1996) Morphological and taxonomical identification of marine ascomycetes: detection of races in geographical isolates of Corollospora maritima by RAPD analysis. In: Fungal Identification Techniques EU 16510 EN (Rossen L, Dawson MT, Frisvad J, eds.), European Commission, Bruxelles. p103.

Sundari R, Vikineswary S, Yusoff M, Jones EBG. (1996) Corollospora besarispora, a new arenicolous marine fungus from Malaysia. Mycological Research 100: 1259-1262.

 

Key to Corollospora species:

  1. Asexual stage fungi...................................................................................................................................................................... 2
  1. Sexual stage fungi.........................................................................................................................................................................4
  1. Conidia mainly length ≦ 45.5 μm, (1-)2-3(-7) septa, 27.5-45.5 × 2-3.5 μm.........................................................................C. ramulosa
  1. Conidia mainly length > 45.5 μm................................................................................................................................................... 3
  1. Conidia 7-11 septa, (80-)110-180(-231) × 2.0-6.5 μm......................................................................................................... C. marina
  1. Conidia 4-8(-10) septa, (32-)85-125(-140) × 3-5 μm.......................................................................................................... C. parvula
  1. Ascospores light brown to dark...................................................................................................................................................... 5
  1. Ascospores hyaline......................................................................................................................................................................11
  1. Ascospores with trans-septa...........................................................................................................................................................6
  1. Ascospores no trans-septa..............................................................................................................................................................7
  1. Ascospores (5-)12-21 septa, 63-220 × 20-38 μm, polar spines 28.5-65 μm................................................................................C. fusca
  1. Ascospores (12-)13 septa, 74-99 × 24-34 μm, polar spines 52-86 μm................................................................................C. novofusca
  1. Ascospores with more than 4-septate........................................................................................................................... C. californica
  1. Ascospores with less than 4-septate............................................................................................................................................... 8
  1. Ascospores diameter > 14 μm................................................................................................................................... C. baravispora
  1. Ascospores diameter < 14 μm....................................................................................................................................................... 9
  1. Ascospores length < 27 μm..................................................................................................................................... C. cinnamomea
  1. Ascospores length ≧ 27μm.......................................................................................................................................................... 10
  1. Ascospores diameter ≧ 10 μm............................................................................................................................... C. mesopotamica
  1. Ascospores diameter < 10 μm.................................................................................................................................... C. portsaidica
  1. Ascospores 1-septate.................................................................................................................................................................. 12
  1. Ascospores with more than 1-septate............................................................................................................................................ 14
  1. Ascospores diameter mainly ≥ 6 μm, 20-34(-53) × (4-)6-11(-14) μm, polar spines 7-17.5(-23) μm....................................... C. maritima
  1. Ascospores diameter mainly < 6 μm............................................................................................................................................. 13
  1. Ascospores 18-30 × 3-4(-5), polar spines 4-7 μm with Varicosporina anamorph.................................................................... C. anglusa
  1. Ascospores 26-45 × 3-5.5(-7) μm, polar spines 6.5-12 μm................................................................................................... C. gracilis
  1. Ascospores mainly three-septate.................................................................................................................................................. 15
  1. Ascospores mainly with more than three-septate............................................................................................................................ 17
  1. Ascospores polar spines ≦ 8 μm....................................................................................................................................... C. angusta
  1. Ascospores polar spines > 8 μm.................................................................................................................................................. 16
  1. Ascospores 3(-5) septa, 29-44 × 6.5-8.5 (35.5 × 7.5) μm, polar spines 9-13 μm.............................................................. C. armoricana
  1. Ascospores 25-34(-35.5) × 7-11.5 μm, polar spines 9.5-14 μm....................................................................................... C. intermedia
  1. Ascospores mainly five-septate.................................................................................................................................................... 18
  1. Ascospores mainly with more than five-septate.............................................................................................................................. 21
  1. Ascospores with polar spines....................................................................................................................................................... 19
  1. Ascospores without polar spines................................................................................................................................................... 20
  1. Ascospores diameter ≧ 10 μm, 5(4-6) septa......................................................................................................................... C. lacera
  1. Ascospores diameter < 10 μm, (3-)5(-8) septa...................................................................................................... C. quinqueseptata
  1. Ascospores diameter ≧ 8 μm........................................................................................................................................... C. borealis
  1. Ascospores diameter < 8 μm, 5(4-6) septa......................................................................................................................... C. luteola
  1. Ascospores with polar spines........................................................................................................................................................22
  1. Ascospores without polar spines................................................................................................................................................... 23
  1. Ascospores diameter < 25 μm............................................................................................................................................ C. indica
  1. Ascospores mainly seven-septate................................................................................................................................................. 24
  1. Ascospores mainly with more than seven-septa.............................................................................................................................. 25
  1. Ascospores (6-)7(-8) septa, 60-108 × 13-26 μm.................................................................................................................C. colossa
  1. Ascospores 7(9-13) septa, 52.5-102.5(-112.5) × 7-12(-16) μm......................................................................................... C. pulchella
  1. Ascospores (9-)13(-17) septa, (73-)87-120 × 5-8(-10) μm................................................................................................ C. filiformis
  1. Ascospores 7-11 septa, 65-97.5 × 7.5-11.5 μm.....................................................................................................C. pseudopulchella

 

Image: Corollospora maritima. (a) A group of ascomata on wood surface. (b) Section of superficial, globose ascoma. (c) Ascoma papilla filled with pseudoparenchymatous cells. (d) Two-layered peridium, outer layer composed of cells of textura angularis, inner layer composed
of elongated cells. (e) Clavate, thin-walled ascus. (f) Fusiform ascospore with bipolar, thornlike appendages bearing fibres and equatorial setae. Scale bar: a=300 μm; b=50 μm; c, e=30 μm; d, f=10 μm. Photo reproduced with the permission of the National Taiwan Ocean University.

 

Type & Location:
Other Specimens:
Substratum:
saprobic on driftwood especially in contact with sand, dead mangrove wood, dead mangrove leaves, dead seaweeds, dead seagrasses, sand.
Habitat:
Distribution:
Argentina, Australia, Bahamas, Belize, Bermuda, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Canada, Columbia, Denmark, England, Egypt, Fiji, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Iceland, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kuwait, Malaysia, Martinique, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Portugal, Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, Samoa, Scotland, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Society Islands, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, Thailand, USA, Wales, Former Yugoslavia.
Pertinent Literature:
Comments:
NOTES: This is one of the most commonly collected species on wood, often associated with sand (Cuomo et al. 1988, Sundari et al. 1996, Lintott & Lintott 2002). However, the monophyly of this cosmopolitan species has been questioned (Kohlmeyer & Charles 1981, Roberts et al. 1996, Abdel-Wahab et al. 2009). Geographical races were first reported by Bebout et al. (1987), based on temperature requirements for growth and at the molecular level (Roberts et al. 1996). Abdel-Wahab et al. (2009) described two new species (C. anglusa, C. portsaidica) that are morphologically similar to C. maritima, and greater care is now required in the identification of tropical collections of C. maritima-like species. Ascospore appendage ontogeny has been investigated at the SEM and TEM level, with polar appendages formed by an outgrowth of the episporium and mesosporium, and the secondary appendages are formed by fragmentation of the exosporium (Jones et al. 1983). Corollospora is one of the most specious marine genus with over 25 species and many asexual morphs which are now incorporated into the genus as a result of the one fungus one name protocol (Réblová et al. (2016). Many Corollospora species have now been sequenced and they form a strong clade within the Halosphaeriaceae (Jones et al. 2015; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015).
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