neustonensis

Candida Berkhout, De schimmelgeslachten Monilia, Oidium, Oospora en Torula: 41 (1923)

Type species:

Candida vulgaris Berkhout, De schimmelgeslachten Monilia, Oidium, Oospora en Torula: 42 (1923)

Marine species:

Candida neustonensis C.F. Chang & S.M. Liu, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 97 (1): 38 (2010)

In YM agar medium after 3 days at 25°C, cells are spherical to ovoid, 2–4 µm long by 2–3 µm wide, and occur singly, in pairs or in short chains. After 1 month at 25°C, pellicles are not formed and sediment is observed. On YM agar after 3 days at 25 C, the colonies are smooth, with an entire margin, glistening and white coloured. No hyphae or pseudohyphae formed in Dalmau plate cultures on corn meal agar after 2 weeks. Fermentation is absent. D–Glucose, D–galactose, L–sorbose, D–glucosamine, D–ribose, D–xylose, L–arabinose, D–arabinose (or weak), sucrose, maltose, trehalose, methyl a–D–glucoside, cellobiose, salicin, arbutin, raffinose (or weak), melezitose, glycerol, ribitol, xylitol, L–arabinitol, D–glucitol, D–mannitol, D–glucono–1,5–lactone, D–gluconate (week and variable), succinate, citrate, ethanol, propane–1,2–diol, butane–2,3–diol (weak) and N–acetyl–D–glucosamine are assimilated. L–rhamnose, melibiose, lactose, inulin, soluble starch, erythritol, galactitol, myoinositol, 2–keto–D–gluconate, 5–keto–D–gluconate, D–glucuronate, D–galacturonic acid, DL–lactate, and methanol are not assimilated. L–lysine is utilized. Potassium nitrate, sodium nitrite, and creatine are not utilized. Growth does not occur in the vitamin-free medium. Growth in the presence of 0.01 and 0.1% cycloheximide is positive. Growth in the 10 and 16% sodium chloride is positive. No growth in the presence of 1% acetic acid, and 50% glucose/yeast extract agar. The production of starch–like compounds is negative, and acid formation on chalk agar is positive. Reaction to Diazonium Blue B and urease is negative. Growth at 30 and 35°C, but not at 37°C. The major ubiquinone is Q–9. GC content of nuclear DNA is 50.1 mol% (by HPLC).

Description based on Chang et al. (2010).

Another marine species:

Candida sharkiensis Fell, Gutie´rrez, Statzell–Tallman and Scorzetti, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 99(3): 545 (2011)

After 3 days on 5% malt extract (ME) at 22°C, the cells are ovoid, measure 1.3–5.2 9 1.7–10.2 µm and occur singly or in pairs. Budding is multilateral with one or two buds per cell and inflated spherical cells. After 1–month white sediment is formed and no ring or pellicle is present. Colonies growing on 5% ME agar after 7 days at 22°C, are white, glistening and the surface is smooth. After 1 month the cells have a ‘‘peeling’’ outer wall and abundant oil drops are observed. No hyphae or pseudohyphae were observed. Cultures growing under cover glass on corn meal (CM) agar (Dalmau plate culture) after 1 month at 22°C did not produce either hyphae or pseudohyphae. Ascospores were not observed in individual colonies growing in 5% ME agar after 1 month at 22°C. Mixing of strains on 5% ME agar, produced neither ascospores, nor conjugated cells after 1 month at 22°C.

Description based on Fell et al. (2011).

Candida rhizophoriensis Fell, Gutierrez, Statzell–Tallman and Scorzetti, [as 'rhizophoriensis'], in Fell, Statzell–Tallman, Scorzetti & Gutiérrez, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 99(3): 545 (2011)

After 3 days at 22°C on 5% ME, the cells are ovoid, measuring1.7–3.9 93.0–6.0 µm. They occur singly, in pairs and branched chains, elongate cells are present and form chains. Budding is multilateral with 1 or 2 buds per cell. After 1 month, an abundant white sediment and definite ring are present. After 7 days at 22°C on 5% ME agar, the colony colour is white, dull and the surface is smooth, pseudohyphae were observed. Cultures growing under a cover glass on CM agar (Dalmau plate culture) after 1 month at 22°C showed short pseudohyphae. Ascospores were not present after 1 month of growth on 5% ME agar at 22°C.

List of Candida species isolated from marine habitats:

Candida Berkhout, De schimmelgeslachten Monilia, Oidium, Oospora en Torula: 41 (1923)

1. C. aaseri Dietrichson ex Uden & H.R. Buckley, in Lodder, Yeasts, a taxonomic study, 2nd Edn (Amsterdam): 912 (1970)
2. C. albicans (C.P. Robin) Berkhout, De Schimmelgesl. Monilia, Oidium, Oospora en Torula, Disset. Ultrecht: 44 (1923)
3. C. anatomiae (Zwillenb.) S.A. Mey. & Yarrow, in Yarrow & Meyer, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 28(4): 611 (1978)
4. C. andamanensis Am–In, Limtong, Yongman. & Jindam., Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61(2): 459 (2011)
5. C. atlantica (Siepmann) S.A. Mey. & Simione, in Meyer & Yarrow, Mycotaxon 66: 100 (1998)
6. C. berthetii Boidin, Pignal, Mermiér & Arpin, Cahiers de La Maboké 1: 100 (1963)
7. C. boidinii C. Ramírez, Microbiol. esp. 6(3): 251 (1953)
8. C. carpophila (Phaff & M.W. Mill.) Vaughan–Mart., Kurtzman, S.A. Mey. & E.B. O'Neill, FEMS Yeast Res. 5(4–5): 467 (2005)
9. C. catenulata Diddens & Lodder, Die Hefasammlung des 'Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures': Beitrage zu einer Monographie der Hefearten. II. Teil. Die anaskosporogenen Hefen. Zweite Halfte: 486 (1942)
10. C. choctaworum S.O. Suh & M. Blackw., in Suh, McHugh & Blackwell, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54(6): 2422 (2004)
11. C. conglobata (Redaelli) Cif., in Lodder, Manuale di Micologia Medica, Edn 2 2: 245 (1960)
12. C. cylindracea Koichi Yamada & Machida ex S.A. Mey. & Yarrow, Mycotaxon 66: 100 (1998)
13. C. diddensii (Phaff, Mrak & O.B. Williams) Fell & S.A. Mey. [as 'diddensii'], Mycopath. Mycol. appl. 32: 189 (1967)
14. C. fennica (Sonck & Yarrow) S.A. Mey. & Ahearn, Mycotaxon 17: 297 (1983)
15. C. freyschussii H.R. Buckley & Uden, Mycopath. Mycol. appl. 36: 263 (1968)
16. C. germanica Kurtzman, Robnett & Yarrow, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 80(1): 79 (2001)
17. C. glabrata (H.W. Anderson) S.A. Mey. & Yarrow, in Yarrow & Meyer, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 28(4): 612 (1978)
18. C. glaebosa Komag. & Nakase, J. gen. appl. Microbiol., Tokyo 11: 262 (1965)
19. C. guilliermondii (Castell.) Langeron & Guerra, Annls Parasit. hum. comp. 16(5): 467 (1938)
20. C. haemulonis (Uden & Kolip.) S.A. Mey. & Yarrow [as 'haemulonii'], in Yarrow & Meyer, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 28(4): 612 (1978)
21. C. hollandica Knutsen, V. Robert & M.T. Sm., Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57(10): 2434 (2007)
22. C. inconspicua (Lodder & Kreger–van Rij) S.A. Mey. & Yarrow, in Yarrow & Meyer, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 28(4): 612 (1978)
23. C. insectamans D.B. Scott, Van der Walt & Klift, in van der Walt, Scott & van der Klift, Mycopath. Mycol. appl. 47(3): 226 (1972)
24. C. intermedia (Cif. & Ashford) Langeron & Guerra, Annls Parasit. hum. comp. 16(5): 461 (1938)
25. C. laemsonensis Am–In, Limtong, Yongman. & Jindam., Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61(2): 458 (2011)
26. C. magnoliae (Lodder & Kreger–van Rij) S.A. Mey. & Yarrow, in Yarrow & Meyer, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 28(4): 613 (1978)
27. C. maltosa Komag., Nakase & Katsuya, J. gen. appl. Microbiol., Tokyo 10: 327 (1964)
28. C. maris (Uden & Zobell) S.A. Mey. & Yarrow, in Yarrow & Meyer, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 28(4): 613 (1978)
29. C. maritima (Siepmann) Uden & H.R. Buckley, in Lodder, Mycotaxon 17: 298 (1983)
30. C. melibiosica H.R. Buckley & Uden, Mycopath. Mycol. appl. 36: 264 (1968)
31. C. membranifaciens (Lodder & Kreger–van Rij) Wick. & Burton, J. Bact. 68: 597 (1954)
32. C. mesenterica (A. Geiger) Diddens & Lodder, Die Hefasammlung des 'Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures': Beitrage zu einer Monographie der Hefearten. II. Teil. Die anaskosporogenen Hefen. Zweite Halfte: 196 (1942)
33. C. michaelii S.O. Suh, N.H. Nguyen & M. Blackw., Mycol. Res. 109(9): 1049 (2005)
34. C. mogii Vidal–Leir., Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 33: 342 (1967)
35. C. neustonenis C.F. Chang & S.M. Liu, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 97(1): 38 (2010)
36. C. norvegica (Reiersöl) S.A. Mey. & Yarrow, in Yarrow & Meyer, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 28(4): 613 (1978)
37. C. oleophila Montrocher, Revue Mycol., Paris 32: 73 (1967)
38. C. parapsilosis (Ashford) Langeron & Talice, Annls Parasit. hum. comp. 10: 1 (1932)
39. C. phangngaensis Limtong, Yongman., H. Kawas. & Tats. Seki [as 'phangngensis'], in Limtong, Youngmanitchai, Kawasaki & Seki, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58(2): 517 (2008)
40. C. picinguabensis Ruivo, Pagnocca, Lachance & C.A. Rosa, in Ruivo, Lachance, Rosa, Bacci & Pagnocca, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56(5): 1149 (2006)
41. Candida pini (Lodder & Kreger–van Rij) S.A. Mey. & Yarrow, in Yarrow & Meyer, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 28(4): 613 (1978)
42. C. pseudolambica M.T. Sm. & Poot, in Smith, Poot & Kull, Stud. Mycol. 31: 175 (1989)
43. C. ranongensis Am–In, Limtong, Yongman. & Jindam., Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61(2): 459 (2011)
44. C. rhagii (Diddens & Lodder) Jurzitza, Kühlw. & Kreger–van Rij, Arch. Mikrobiol. 36(3): 237 (1960)
45. C. rhizophoriensis Fell, M.H. Gut., Statzell & Scorzetti [as 'rhizophoriensis'], in Fell, Statzell–Tallman, Scorzetti & Gutiérrez, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 99(3): 545 (2011)
46. C. rugosa (H.W. Anderson) Diddens & Lodder, Die Hefasammlung des 'Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures': Beitrage zu einer Monographie der Hefearten. II. Teil. Die anaskosporogenen Hefen. Zweite Halfte: 280 (1942)
47. C. saitoana Nakase & M. Suzuki, J. gen. appl. Microbiol., Tokyo 31: 85 (1985)
48. C. sake (Saito & M. Ota) Uden & H.R. Buckley ex S.A. Mey. & Ahearn, in Lodder, Mycotaxon 17: 298 (1983)
49. C. salmanticensis (Santa María) Uden & H.R. Buckley, in Lodder, Mycotaxon 17: 298 (1983)
50. C. sanitii Limtong, Am–In, Kaeww., Boonmak, Jindam., Yongman., Srisuk, H. Kawas. & Nakase, in Limtong, Kaewwichian, Am–In, Boonmak, Jindamorakot, Yongmanitchai, Srisuk, Kawasaki & Nakase, FEMS Yeast Res. 10(1): 118 (2010)
51. C. santamariae Montrocher, Revue Mycol., Paris 32: 77 (1967)
52. C. sekii Limtong, Kaeww., Jindam., Am–In, Boonmak, Yongman., Srisuk, H. Kawas. & Nakase, in Limtong, Kaewwichian, Am–In, Boonmak, Jindamorakot, Yongmanitchai, Srisuk, Kawasaki & Nakase, FEMS Yeast Res. 10(1): 121 (2010)
53. C. silvae Vidal–Leir. & Uden, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 29: 261 (1963)
54. C. solani Lodder & Kreger–van Rij, Yeasts, a taxonomic study, [Edn 1] (Amsterdam): 672 (1952)
55. C. stellata (Kroemer & Krumbholz) S.A. Mey. & Yarrow, in Yarrow & Meyer, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 28(4): 614 (1978)
56. C. suecica Rodr. Mir. & Norkrans, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 34: 115 (1968)
57. C. suwanaritii Limtong, Boonmak, Kaeww., Am–In, Jindam., Yongman., Srisuk, H. Kawas. & Nakase, in Limtong, Kaewwichian, Am–In, Boonmak, Jindamorakot, Yongmanitchai, Srisuk, Kawasaki & Nakase, FEMS Yeast Res. 10(1): 120 (2010)
58. C. tenuis Diddens & Lodder, Die Hefasammlung des 'Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures': Beitrage zu einer Monographie der Hefearten. II. Teil. Die anaskosporogenen Hefen. Zweite Halfte: 488 (1942)
59. C. thaimeueangensis Limtong, Yongman., H. Kawas. & Tats. Seki, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57(3): 651 (2007)
60. C. torresii (Uden & Zobell) S.A. Mey. & Yarrow, in Yarrow & Meyer, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 28(4): 614 (1978)
61. C. tropicalis (Castell.) Berkhout, De Schimmelgesl. Monilia, Oidium, Oospora en Torula, Disset. Ultrecht: 44 (1923)
62. C. versatilis (Etchells & T.A. Bell) S.A. Mey. & Yarrow, in Yarrow & Meyer, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 28(4): 614 (1978)
63. C. viswanathii Sandu & H.S. Randhawa, Mycopath. Mycol. appl. 18: 179 (1962)
64. C. zeylanoides (Castell.) Langeron & Guerra, Annls Parasit. hum. comp. 16(5): 501 (1938)

Key references:

Am–In S, Limtong S, Yongmanichai W, Jindamorakot S (2011). Candida andamanensis sp. nov., Candida laemsonensis sp. nov. and Candida ranongensis sp. nov., anamorphic yeast species isolated from estuarine waters in a Thaimangrove forest. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 61: 454–461.

Chang CF, Lee CF, Liu SM (2010). Candida neustonensis sp. nov., a novel ascomycetous yeast isolated from the sea surface microlayer in Taiwan. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 97(1):35–40.

Fell JW, Statzell–Tallman S, Scorzetti G, Gutiérrez MH (2011). Five new species of yeasts from fresh water and marine habitats in the Florida Everglades. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 99:533–549.

Jones EBG, Suetrong S, Sakayaroj J, Bahkali AH, Abdel–Wahab MA, Boekhout T, Pang KL (2015). Classification of marine Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Blastocladiomycota and Chytridiomycota. Fungal Diversity 73: 1–72.

Limtong S, Yongmanitchai W, Kawasaki H, Seki T (2007). Candida thaimueangensis sp. nov., an anamorphic yeast species from estuarine water in a mangrove forest in Thailand. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 57:650–653.